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1. Arabic and Greek Literary Sources

Agapios of Hierapolis (Mahboub ibn Qustatin (first half of 10^th century AD). Agapius de Menbidj: Kitab al-’unvan, Histoire Universelle, transl. and ed. by A. Vasiliev, seconde partie, Patrologia Orientalis Tome VIII, Paris 1912, Fasc. 3, no. 38.

Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī (H 773 / AD February, 18^th 1372 – H 852 / AD February 2^nd, 1449), Al-Durar al-Kāminah fī A’yān al-Mi’āh al-Thāminah, Vol. I–V, ed. A. F. al-Mazidi – as-Shaykh ‘Abd al-Warīth Muḥammad ‘Alī, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.

Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Inbāʼ al-ghumr bi-anbāʼ al-ʻumr/taʼlīf Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī, al-shahīr bi-Ibn Ḥajar al-ʻAsqalānī, ed. Muḥammad Aḥmad Duhmān; Damascus: Maktab al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah, 1399 [1978]

‘Abd al-Ḥaqq ibn Gālib ibn ‘Aṭīyah al-Andalusi (died H 541 / AD 1146: Al-Muḥarrar al-wajīz fī tafsīr al-Kitāb al-‘azīz, ed. A.-S Abdel Shafi Muhammad, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah 1990.

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2. Modern Books and Articles

Aalund 1992
F. Aalund, Vernacular Tradition and the Islamic Architecture of Bosra, PhD-thesis Copenhagen: Royal Academy of Arts, 1992.

Ababneh 2002
A. A. Ababneh, Architectural Styles of Byzantine residential Buildings at Khirbet Yajouz, Jordan (Arabic), MA-thesis, Amman: University of Jordan, 2002.

Abbot 1946
N. Abbot, The Kasr Kharana Inscription of 92 H (710 AD), a new Reading, in: Ars Islamica 11–12, 1946, 190–195.

Abel 1910
F. M. Abel, Exploration de la Vallée du Jourdain, in: Revue Biblique 19, 1910, 408–556.

Abel 1911
F. M. Abel, Exploration de la Vallée du Jourdain, in: Revue Biblique 20, n. s. 8, 1911, 532–436.

Abu Abila 2013
M. Abu ‘Abila, A New View on the Mosque of ‘Ajloun (647/1247), in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, Vol. XI, Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan 2013, 15–36 (Arabic).

Abu Alsaud 2018
L. Abu Alsaud, Byzantine Churches in Nablus (Neapolis), Palestine, in: Zephyrus 82, 2, 2018, 187–207.

Abu Alsaud 2019
L. Abu Alsaud, Joseph’s Tomb: A Model of Traditional Islamic Shrines in Palestine, in: Near Eastern Archaeology 82(2) 2019, 1-20

Abu Dalu 1994
R. Abu Dalu, Final Report on the Results of archaeological Excavations at Hofa al-Wustiyeh 1992 (arabic), in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 38, 1994, 5–19 (arabic Section).

Abuirhaiem 2018
S. F. Abuirhaiem, The Conservation of ‘Minor Architecture’ in the Context of the Roman Theatre in Downtown Amman, MA-thesis German-Jordan University Amman, 2018.

Abu Sha’ar 2010
H. Abu Sha’ar, The City of Ma‘an In the Early Days of The Emirate in Trans-Jordan (The Register of Ma‘an’s Municipal Council as a Source for History) 1929–1931 (Arabic), in: Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 4,2, 2010, 57–96.

Addison 2000
E. Addison, The Mosque at al-Qaṣtal: Report from al-Qaṣtal Conservation and Development Project,Thèse inédite 1996, 3 vols., 710 p. + 348 pl.

Addison 2018
E. Addison, Is this sacred or what? – The Holy Place & Tourism Destination at Jabal Haroun, Petra Region, Jordan, in: The Routledge Handbook of Halal Hospitality and Islamic Tourism, dds. C. Michael Hall – Girish Prayag, London: Routlege 2018: https://www.academia.edu/36596303.

AJ I–II
The Archaeology of Jordan, vols I.–II, ed. D. Homès-Fredericq – J. B. Hennessy – F. Zayadine, Akkadika, Supplement Vol. VIII, Leyden: Peeters, 1986

Ajlouni 1992
A. Ajlouni, Umayyad Mihrabs (Arabic), MA thesis Yarmouk University Irbid 1992, english summary in: Newsletter of the Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University Irbid 13, 1992, 32–33.

Almagro – Jiménez 2000
A. Almagro – P. Jiménez, The Umayyad Mosque on the Citadel of Amman, in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 44, 2000, 459–475.

Akili 2009
T. Akili, The Great Mosque of Damascus. From Roman Temple to Monument of Islam, Damascus: ARCOD  2009.

Akkermans – Huigen 2018
P. M. Akkermans – H.O. Huigen, Long Term Settlement Trends Jordan’s northeastern Badia: The Jabal Qurma Archaeological Project, in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 59, 2018, 503–515.

Almudarra et alii 2018
A. Almudarra – A. Alhaddad – A. Alsadoun, Analyses of the plan of Ottoman Mosques in Alahsa Kut, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 10th century AH, 16th AD, Mosque of Alfatih (Aldibs), Mosque of Alqouba, in: Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art, vol. II, ed. G. Passerini, WIT Transactions of Built Environment 177, 2018, 87–116

‘Amr 1973
A.-J. ‘Amr, Excavations at Meqabelein, in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 18, 1973, 73–74.

Allan 1989
F. Allan (ed.), A short Account on early Muslim Architecture, Aldershot 1989.

Antun 2016
Th. Antun, The architectural Form of the Mosque in the central Arab Lands, from the Hijra to the End of the Umayyad Period, 1/622–133/750, British Archaeological Reports, International Series  Vol. 2790, Oxford 2016.

Arabia Petraea I–III
A. Musil, Arabia Petraea, vol. I.: Moab, Topographischer Reisebericht, Vienna 1907; vol. II.: Edom, vol. III.: Ethnologischer Reisebericht, Vienna: Alfred Hölder 1908.

Arce 1996
I. Arce, Elementos y sistemas constructivos antisísmicos en la antigüedad. Aplicación a la restauración de estructuras históricas, in: Proceedings of 10^th Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción, (ed.) S. Huerta, Madrid 1996, 39–47.

Arce 2000
I. Arce, Un tipo inédito de trompas en la arquitectura omeya, in: Proceedings of 3^rd Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid 2000, 37–47.

Arce 2001
I. Arce, The Early Islamic Stucco Techniques and the Partho-Sassanian Tradition. Continuity and Change, in: Lo Stucco – Cultura, Tecnologia e Conoscenza (Proceedings of the XVII^th International Conference “Scienza e Beni Culturali”, ed. G. Biscontin – G. Driussi, Padova, 107–129.

Arce 2003a
I. Arce, Early Islamic lime Kilns from the Near East. The Cases from Amman Citadel, in: Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20^th–24^th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003, 213–224.

Arce 2003b
I. Arce, From the Diaphragm Arch to the ribbed Vault. An Hypothesis for the Birth and Development of a Building Technique, in: Proceedings 1^st International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 225–241.

Arce 2006a
I. Arce, Umayyad Arches, Vaults and Domes: Merging and Recreation. Contribution to Early Islamic Construction History, in: Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Construction History, vol. 1, ed. M. Dunkeld et alii (Cambridge 2006) 195–220.

Arce 2006b
I. Arce, Qasr Hallabat (Jordan) revisited: Reassessment of the material Evidence, in: Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, Proceedings of an International Conference on Islamic Fortifications in Bilad Al-Sham, Council of British Research in the Levant, Aleppo 2003, H. Kennedy (ed.), Leyden: Brill 2006, 26–44.

Arce 2007a
I. Arce, Qasr al-Hallabat: Continuity and Chance from the Roman-Byzantine to the Umayyad Period, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. IX, Amman: Department of Antiquities, 2007, 325–344.

Arce 2007a
I. Arce, Umayyad Building Techniques and the Merging of Roman-Byzantine and Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity and Change, ín: Technology in Transition AD 300–650, Late Antiquity Series, vol. 4, Oxford – Siena – Leiden: L. Lavan Editors, 2007, 491–538.

Arce 2008
I. Arce, The Palatine City at Amman Citadel: The Construction of a Palatine Architecture under the Umayyads, in: Residences, Castles, Settlement: Transformation Processes from late Antiquity to early Islam in Bilad al-Sham, Proceedings of the International Conference held at Damascus, 5^th–9^th November 2006, ed. K. Bartl – A. Moaz, Orient-Archäologie, vol. 24, Rahden/Westf.: Maria Neudorf, 183–216.

Arce 2009
I. Arce, Coenobium, Palation et Hira: The Ghassanid Complex at al-Hallabat, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. X, Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 2009, 937–952.

Arce 2014
I. Arce, Qasr Kharana revisited, in: ICAANE, Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology  of the Ancient Near East, Basel, June 9^th–13^th, 2014, ed. O. Kaelin – R. Stucky – A. Jamieson, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2016, vol. 2, 335–355.

Arce 2015a
I. Arce, The Umayyad Baths at Amman Citadel and Hammam as-Sarah, in: Syria 92, 2015, 133–168.

Arce 2015b
I. Arce, Severan Castra, Tetrarchic Quadriburgia, Justinian Coenobia, and Ghassanid Diyarat: Patterns of Transformation of limes Arabicus Forts during late Antiquity, in: Roman Military Architecture on the Frontiers: Armies and their Architecture in late Antiquity, ed. R. Collins – M. Symonds – M. Weber, Oxford – Havertown, PA, 2015, 98–122.

Arce 2016
I. Arce, The Umayyad Congregational Mosque and the Souq Square Complex at Amman Citadel. Architectural Features and urban Significance, in: ICAANE, Proceedings of the 2^nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 22^nd–26^th May 2000, Copenhagen – Bologna – Winona Lake, Ind.: University of Bologna – Eisenbrauns, Inc. , 2016, 121–142.

Arce 2016a
I. Arce, The Umayyad Bath Complex at Ḥammām as-Sarāḥ: Analysis and Interpretation, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. XII, Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 2016, 63–82.

Atallah 2000
N. Atallah, Un tombeau antique dans le montagne de ‘Ağlūn (Ḫirbet Srās), in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 116, 2000, 57-62.

Arce – Feissel – Weber 2014
I. Arce – D. Feissel – Th. M. Weber, The Edict of Emperor Anastasius I. (491–518 AD). An Interim Report, Amman: DAAD 2014.

Atiat 2005a
T. Atiat, Al-Mujib Jordanian Nature Reserve: Historical traditions and Archaeological Evidence, in: Adumatu 11, 2005, 39-51.

Atiat 2005b
T. Atiat, A Nabataean Sanctuary at al-Mujib Nature Reserve: A Preliminary Notice, in: Levant 37, 2005, 163-168.

Augustinović 1972
A. Augustinović, ‘El-Khadr’ and the Prophet Elijah, translated by E. Hoade, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Maior Vol. XII, Jerusalem: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1972.

Augustinović – Bagatti 1951–1952
A. Augustinović – R. Bagatti, Escursioni nel dintorni di ‘Ajlun, in: Liber Annuus 2, 1951–1952, 227–314.

AuS
G. Dalman, Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina, Schriften des Deutschen Palästina-Instituts,vols.1–7,Gütersloh: Druck und Verlag C. Bertelsmann 1928–1942 (2^nd reprint Hildesheim–Zürich–New York: G. Olms Verlag 1987).

Avner 2006/7
R. Avner, The Kathisma: A Christian and Muslim Pilgrimage Site, in: ARAM 18–19, 2006–2007, 541–57.

Avner 2010
R. Avner, The Dome of the Rock in the Light of the Development of concentric Martyria in Jerusalem: Architecture and architectural Iconography, in: Muqarnas 28, 2010, 31–50.

Avner – Magness 1998
R. Avner – J. Magness, Early Islamic Settlement in the southern Negev, in: Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 310, 1998, 39–56.

Avni 1994
G. Avni, Early Mosques in the Negev Highlands: New archaeological Evidence on Islamic Penetration of southern Palestine, in: Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 294, 1994, 87–88.

Avni 2007
G. Avni, From standing Stones to open Mosques in the Negev Desert: The Archaeology of religious Transformation on the Fringes, in: Near Eastern Archaeology 70, 2007, 124–138.

Avni 2009
G. Avni, The invisible Conquest: The Negev in Transition between Byzantium and Islam in the Light of archaeological Research (Hebrew), in: Man Near Roman Arch, Studies Presented to Prof. Yoram Tsafrir, eds. L. Di Segni – Y. Hirschfeld – J. Patrich – R. Talgam, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2009, 29–42.

Avni 2011
G. Avni, Continuity and change in urban centres in Palestine during the Early Islamic period: the cases of Jerusalem and Ramla, in: Shaping the Middle East: Christians, Jews and Muslims in an Age of Transition, eds. K. Holum – H. Lapin,, Studies and Texts in Jewish History and Culture, vol. 20, Bethesda: CDL Press, 2011, 115–133.

Avni 2011a
G. Avni, From Polis to Madina revisited – Urban Change in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine, in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21,3, 2011, 30 – 329.

Avni 2014
G. Avni, The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine, Oxford: University Press 2014.

Azar – Najjar – Oussus 1989
H. Azar – M. Najjar – R. al-Qossus, Preliminary Report on the Results of archaeological Excavations in al-Muwaqqar (arabic), in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 33, 1989, 5–29.

Bacquey – Imbert 1986
S. Bacquey – F. Imbert, La nécropole de Qastal, in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 30, 1986, 397–404.

Bacharach 1996
J. L. Bacharach, Marwanid Umayyad building Activities: Speculations on Patronage, in: Muqarnas 13, 1996, 27–44.

Bader 2009
N. Bader, Inscriptions de la Jordanie, 5: La Jordanie du nord-est, Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de la Syrie, XXI = BibliothèqueArchéologique et Historique, vol. 187, Beirut: Institut Français du Proche-Orient, 2009.

Bader 2016
N. Bader, The Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the Governorate of ʿAjlun in North-West Jordan, in: Syria 93, 2016, 193–198.

Bagatti 1973
B. Bagatti, Le antiche Chiese di Filadelfia – ‘Amman (Transgiordania), in: Liber Annuus 23, 1973, 261–285.

Bailey 1982
C. Bailey: Bedouin Religious Practices in Sinai and the Negev, in: Anthropos 77, 1982, 65–88.

Bakhra' 2004
A. al-Bakhra’, From the Tetrarchic Fort to the Umayyad  Castle, in: Levant 36, 2004, 225–42.

Ballian 2012a
A. Ballian, Country Estates, material Culture, and the Celebration of princely Life: Islamic Art and the secular Domain, in: Byzantium and Islam – Age of Transition, 7^th–9t^h century, Exhibition Catalogue Metropolitan Museum, eds. H. C. Evans – B. Ratliff, New York: MetPublications, 2012, 200–208.

Ballian 2012b
A. Ballian, Al-Qastal, in: Byzantium and Islam – Age of Transition, 7^th–9^th century, Exhibition Catalogue Metropolitan Museum, eds. H. C. Evans – B. Ratliff, New York: MetPublications, 2012, 217–220.

Ballian 2012c
A. Ballian, Qasr al-Mshatta, in: Byzantium and Islam – Age of Transition, 7^th–9^th century, Exhibition Catalogue Metropolitan Museum, eds. H. C. Evans – B. Ratliff, New York: MetPublications, 2012, 209–210.

Ballian 2012d
A. Ballian, Al-Fudayn, in: Byzantium and Islam – Age of Transition, 7^th–9^th century, Exhibition Catalogue Metropolitan Museum, eds. H. C. Evans – B. Ratliff, New York: MetPublications, 2012, 212.

Bani-Hani – Zibdeh – Hamdaoui 2008
Kh. A. Bani-Hani – H. Zibdeh – K. Hamdaoui, Health Monitoring of a historical Monument in Jordan based on ambient Vibration Test, in: Smart Structures and Systems 4, 2, 2008, 195–208.

Bar 2003
D. Bar, The Christianisation of rural Palestine during late Antiquity, in: Journal of Ecclesiastical History 54/3, 2003, 401–421.

Barāmkī 1964
D. Barāmkī, Al-Nuqūsh al-‘Arabīyah fī al-Bādiyah al-Sūrīyah (arabic), in: Al-Abḥāth 17, 1964, 317–349.

Barsanti 2007
C. Barsanti, La scultura architettonica di epoca omayyade tra Bisanzio e la Persia sasanide: I capitelli di qasr al-Muwaqqar in Giordania, in: A.C. Quintaville (ed.), Medioevo mediterraneo: l’Occidente, Bisanzio e l’Islam, Milano: Electa, 2007, 436–446.

Bashaireh – Abudanah – Driessen 2020
K. al-Bashaireh – F. Abudanah – M. Driessen, Provenance Analysis of marble ecclesiastical Elements from the extra-mural Byzantine Church of Udhruh (South Jordan), in: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12, 26 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00 975-5.

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S. Bashear, Qibla musharriqa and early Muslim prayer in churches, in: The Muslim World, 81, 1991, 267–282

Barns 2009
R.H. Barns, How deep those Foundations; How tall those Walls; How strong that roof: Building Practices in an early Islamic Mosque at Jarash, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. X, Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 2009, 783–796.

Bashaireh 2013
K. al-Bashaireh, Plaster and Mortar Radiocarbon Dating of Nabataean and Islamic Structures in the South of Jordan, in: Archaeometry 55, 2, 2013, 329–354.

Bartl 2016
K. Bartl, Water Management in Desert Regions: Early Islamic Qasr Mushash, in: Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography, Part I. Hydroeconomies: Managing and living with water, eds. S. McPhillips – P. D. Wordsworth, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016, 50–68.

Baumann 1906
E. Baumann, Vom Galiläischen Meer hinauf ‘gen Jerusalem’, in: Palästinajahrbuch des Deutschen Evangelischen Instituts fü̈r Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes zu Jerusalem 2, 1906, 125–144.

Belal 2020
M. K. E. A. Belal, Mud-brick Architecture in the Context of the Hijaz Railway, Comparative Analysis of Jurf al-Darawish and Ma’an with Hay al-Ma’aniyah / Amman, MSc-thesis German-Jordanian University, Amman 2020.

Bell 1907
G. L. Bell, The Desert and the Sown, London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1907.

Bell 1910
G. L. Bell, The Vaulting System of Ukhaidar, in: Journal of Hellenic Studies 30, 1910, 69–81.

Bell 1914
G. L. Bell, Palace and Mosque at Ukhaidar. A Study in early Muhammedan Architecture,  Oxford 1914.

Berchem 1893
M. van Berchem, Eine arabische Inschrift aus dem Ostjordanland, in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinavereins 16, 1893, 84–105.

Berchem 1903
M. van Berchem, Inschriften aus Syrien II, in: Mitteilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palästinavereins 1903, 51-70.

Berchem 1893
M. van Berchem, Eine arabische Inschrift aus dem Ostjordanland mit historischen Erläuterungen, in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins16,1893, 84-105.

Berchem 1909
M. van Berchem, Aux pays de Moab et d’Edom, in: Journal des Savants nouvelle Séries A 7, 293–309. 363–411.

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M. van Berchem, Arabische Inschriften aus Syrien II, in: M. van Berchem, Opera Minora Vol. I, Geneva: Foundation van Berchem, 1978, 311–348.

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Betts, A. V., The Burquʿ- Ruweishid Project. Preliminary Report on the 1988 Field Season, in: Levant, 22, 1990, 1–20.

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Betts, A. V., The Burquʿ- Ruweishid Project. Preliminary Report on the 1989 Field Season, in: Levant, 23, 1991, 7–28.

Betts 1993
Betts, A. V., The Burquʿ- Ruwayšid Project. Preliminary Report on the 1991 Field Season, in: Levant, 25, 1993, 1–11.

Betts 2003
A. Betts, Qasr Burqu‘ – Desert Periphery and urban Core, in: Desert and Sown, Papers presented at the American Schools of Oriental Research, Mediterranean Archaeology, 16, 2003, 89–97.

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A. Betts – D. Cropper – F. Lancester, Area Survey in the Hamad, in: The later Prehistory of the Badia – Excavations and Surveys in Eastern Jordan, ed. A. V. C. Betts, Oxford – Oakville: Oxbow 2013, 156–178.

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M. Biewers, L’habitat traditionnel à ‘Aima, British Archaeological Reports, International Series no. 662, Oxford: BAR, 1997.

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P. Bikai – M. Sha’er – B. Fitzgerald, The Byzantine Church at Darat al-Funun, in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 38, 1994, 401–416.

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F. Bilawy – S. Jwdieh – M. Waheeb, Palaces of Jordanian Desert (arabic). Amman: Dar al-Bedaya, 2013.

Bisheh 1983
G. Bisheh, Naqsh ‘arabī min Qasr al-Mushattā waahammī yaruhu (arabic), in: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 27, 1983, arabic section 5–7.

Bisheh 1985
G. Bisheh, Qasr al-Hallabat: An Umayyad Desert Retreat or Farm Land ?, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. I, Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 1985, 263–285.

Bisheh 1987
G. Bisheh, Qasr al-Mshatta in the Light of a recently found Inscription. in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. III, Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 1987, 193–197.

Bisheh 1989
G. Bisheh, Ḥammam al-Sarah in the Light of Recent Excavations, in: Damaszener Mitteilungen 4, 1989, 225–30.

Bisheh 1992
G. Bisheh, The Umayyad Monuments between al-Muwaqqar and Azraq: Palatial Residences or Caravanserails?, in: The Near East in Antiquity, vol. III, ed. S. Kerner, Amman: Al-Kutbah, 1992, 35–41.

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Bisheh 2007
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